frontpage
frontpage
Computer Graphics - a beginning.
Business Graphics
Scientific Graphics or Visualisation
Solid Modelling
VLSI design
Animation
CAD/CAM
Image Processing
Architectural design
Pretty Pictures
Drawing Areas.
Graphics Devices -OUTPUT.
Cathode Ray Displays.
Cathode ray tube description.
Vector Scan Display.
Direct View Storage Tube Display.
Raster Scan Display.
Flat Panel Displays.
LED display
Flat CRTs.
Electro-luminescent Display.
Plasma Displays.
Conventional LCD Display.
Bistable LCD Display.
Plotters.
Printers.
Dot Matrix ribbon printers.
Dot matrix Ink-Jet Printers.
Laser Printers.
Metafiles.
Computer Output to Microfilm.
Computer Output to Film/Video.
Run Length Encoding Compression.
Temporal Compression.
X Workstations
Graphics Devices -INPUT.
Input Types.
Keyboard Devices.
Cross-hairs.
Analogue devices.
Digital devices.
Mouse and Trackball
Mouse
Trackball
Light Pens.
Joystick and Joyswitch
Joystick
Joyswitch
Digitisers.
Electro magnetic
Touch Sensitive
Sonic
Light Detector Digitisers
2D and 3D Scanners
2-D Scanners.
3-D Scanners.
Cameras and Video input.
Cameras
Video input.
Character Recognition.
X Window System
What is the X Window System?
Why X?
History of X
Why not X?
Interface Styles
Clients and Servers
Choosing the DISPLAY
Xlib Fundamentals
Using Windows
Connecting to the Server
Checking the Environment
Creating the Window
Displaying the Window
Cleaning up
Your first X Program
Drawing With X
Graphics Contexts
Creating a Graphics Context
Drawing Lines
Drawing Shapes
Filled Shapes
Multiple Objects
Your second X Program
Text
What are Fonts
Loading Fonts
Displaying Text
Your third X Program
Colour and Visuals
Visuals
Using Colour
Your fourth X Program
Events
Concepts
Which Events?
Waiting for Events
Polling for Events
Mouse Events
Keyboard Events
Other Events
Your last Xlib Program
Using and Specifying X Resources
Xdm - X starting up.
Silicon Graphics startup
Xdm for X11R5
User .xsession
Resource Customisation
Window Manager 'Events'
Window Manager Menu Customisation
Window Manager Button Customisation
Window Manager Key Customisation
X11R5 Window Manager Customisation
Imake
Why Imake
A simple example
Generating the Makefile for the first time
The Imake template
Simple Imakefiles
A single program, one source file
A single program, multiple source files
Multiple programs
A library archive of object files
Subdirectories
Miscellaneous
History
Gotchas
Imake Variables
X Toolkit
Intrinsic Library -Xt
Intrinsic Widget Library -Xaw
Terminology
Underlying Model
Input Focus
Using Widgets
Initializing the Toolkit
Creating a Widget
Common Resources
Resource Conversions
Cursor Conversion
Pixel Conversion
Bitmap Conversion
Realizing a Widget
Processing Events
Your first Xt Program
Standard Widget Manipulation Functions
Mapping Widgets
Destroying Widgets
Retrieving Widget Resource Values
Modifying Widget Resource Values
Your second Xt Program
Using the Client Callback Interface
Your third Xt Program
Changing Resource Values
Specifying Resources
Your fourth Xt Program
Creating Argument Lists
Example Programs
Motif Widget Library -Xm
User Interface Development Model
Motif Widget Classes
Widgets and Gadgets
Convenience Functions
Motif Compilation
Your first Motif Program
Motif resources
Motif program
Motif Imakefile
CDE - Common Desktop Environment
Calcomp Library
Routines.
Drawing Area
Square Example
Curves
2-d Geometry - revision.
2-D Geometry
Curves.
Geometry algorithms.
Line drawing algorithms.
Digital Differential Analyzer.
Symmetric DDA.
Bresenhams Algorithm.
Region Filling algorithms.
Boundary and Interior defined regions.
Polygon Filling algorithms.
Transformations.
Matrices.
Routines for Transforming.
Circles by transforms.
Clipping and Covering.
Clipping.
Covering.
Clipping or Covering of Text.
What to clip.
How to clip.
Windows and Viewports.
Windows.
Viewports.
Windows on Microprocessors.
Display Files.
Where are they used?
D.P.U. instruction set.
Segments.
Segment Management.
Storage Allocation.
Introduction to Graphics Kernel System.
Standards
GKS Primitives
Polyline - main line drawing primitive.
Polyline Attributes.
Co-ordinate System.
Polymarker.
Fill Area.
Fill Area Attributes.
Text.
Text Attributes.
Character Up Vector.
Text Path.
Text Alignment.
GKS workstations and metafiles.
Other Routines of G.K.S.
Index
Prerequisites
Significance of Unit
Course Outline
Teaching Staff
Objectives
Unit Organisation
Text Book/References
Texts and References
Required texts.
Notes.
Other References on Closed Reserve.
Other References.
Resources Required
Common Computer Area.
Assignments
Pooling of Resources and Collusion.
Assignment Details
Requirements
Assessment
Satisfactory attendance.
University and School Rules.
Enrolment and HECS
Examination
Modules
List of Key Dates
appendices
Athena Widgets
X Library Example programs
X Utility Programs
Motif Widgets
Fun Programs
Icon Nomenclature of Computer Graphics
Any Questions?
Line Drawing Algorithm example
Fig 1.1 (a) and (b). Histogram and Pie chart (70K bytes).
Fig 1.2 Graph with annotated axes.
Fig 1.3 Explorer Data Visualisation (240K bytes).
Fig 1.4 Solid Object (150K bytes).
Fig 1.5 VLSI Design (46K bytes).
Fig 1.6 Animation (37K bytes).
Fig 1.7 Example of CAD/CAM work (62K bytes).
Fig 1.8 Example of Image Processing to extract information (157K bytes).
Fig 1.9 Example of Architectural Drafting work (83K bytes).
Fig 1.10 Example of Architectural 3D Design work (112K bytes).
Fig 1.11 Example of Pretty Picture (110K bytes).
Fig 1.12 Example of Architectural Terrorism (223K bytes).
Fig 1.13 Cartesian Coordinate System
Fig 2.1 Results of Non-linear deflection function
Fig 2.2 Cathode Ray Tube.
Fig 2.3 Vector Scan example
Fig 2.4 Direct View Storage Tube example
Fig 2.5 Direct View Storage Tube
Fig 2.6 Video Memory of Raster Display
Fig 2.7 Raster example
Fig 2.8 LCD for Graphics
Fig 2.9 Assembly for plotter and pen.
Fig 2.10 Results of band or pen slippage
Fig 2.11 Example of plotter's resolution
Fig 2.12 Example of plotter's resolution
Fig 2.13 Example of typical graphical printer's resolution (82K bytes).
Fig 2.14 Example of typical graphical printer's resolution (96K bytes).
Fig 2.15 The Hewlett-Packard Ink-Jet Printhead
Fig 2.16 The Laser Printer
Fig 2.17 Example of Animated Logo (15K bytes).
Fig 2.18 Animation (37K bytes).
Fig 3.1 Example of Interactive work.
Fig 3.2 Example of Interactive Scaling (31K bytes).
Fig 3.3 The basic components of the PCB.
Fig 3.4 CHOICE and LOCATOR examples (22K bytes).
Fig 3.5 More CHOICE and LOCATOR examples (75K bytes).
Fig 3.6 Variable resistor
Fig 3.7 Dial
Fig 3.8 A left and a right handed three buttoned mouse
Fig 3.9 A two buttoned mouse
Fig 3.10 A light pen
Fig 3.11 An Electro Magnetic digitiser
Fig 3.12 A Touch sensitive digitiser
Fig 3.13 A Sonic digitiser
Fig 3.14 Sublime example of Digitising
Fig 3.15 Light Detector Digitiser
Fig 3.16 3030RGB Digitizing Head
Fig 3.17 Digitised Colour Map
Fig 3.18 Digitised Colour and Geometry
Fig 3.19 Digitised Colour Map
Fig 3.20 Video capture from IndyCam
Fig 7.1 A two buttoned mouse
Fig 7.2 A left and a right handed three buttoned mouse
Fig 10.1 User Interface Development Model
Fig 10.2 Basic Widget Class Hierarchy
Fig 10.3 Primitive Class Widgets
Fig 10.4 Shell Widgets
Fig 10.5 Manager Widgets
Fig 10.6 Dialog Widgets
Fig 10.7 Gadgets
Fig 10.8 Complex application using Motif widgets
Fig 11.1 CDE Front Panel
Fig 12.1 (a). Circle.
Fig 12.2 (b). Circle?
Fig 12.3 Further examples of ill-treated circles.
Fig 12.4 Still further examples of ill-treated circles.
Fig 12.5 Geometry illustration.
Fig 12.6 Convex and non-convex bodies.
Fig 12.7 Geometry illustration.
Fig 12.8 Geometry illustration.
Fig 13.1 Bresenhams Line Drawing.
Fig 13.2 What is a region?
Fig 13.3 Polygon Filling.
Fig 13.4 Problems in Polygon Filling.
Fig 14.1 Examples of Transformations.
Fig 14.2 Strange transformation.
Fig 15.1 Clipping and Covering example
Fig 15.2 Clipping Algorithm
Fig 15.3 Clipping example
Fig 15.4 Clipping of entire string
Fig 15.5 Clipping entire character
Fig 15.6 Clipping within a character
Fig 16.1 Windowing examples
Fig 16.2 Viewport example
Fig 16.3 Multiple Viewports
Fig 16.4 Viewports
Fig 16.5 World transformation
Fig 17.1 Segments in a display file.
Fig 17.2 Implementation of segments in a display file.
Fig 17.3 Storage allocation of segments in a display file.
Fig 17.4 Storage allocation of pages.
Fig 18.1 Polyline plots
Fig 18.2 Polymarker plots
Fig 18.3 Fill Area. Polyline.
Fig 18.4 Hollow Fill, Solid Fill, Hatch Fill
Fig 18.5 Character Up Vector example
Fig 18.6 Text Path example
A Data on Graphics Devices
B Sample Exam Questions
C Tutorials
D Sample Programs using Calcomp Routines
E Calcomp Graphics Source